Adrenal Cancer: An Overview
Adrenal cancer is an uncommon malignancy originating in the adrenal glands—triangular organs situated atop the kidneys. These glands are integral to the endocrine system, secreting hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
This type of cancer, also known as adrenocortical carcinoma, can manifest at any stage of life, though it predominantly affects children under 5 and adults between 40 and 50 years of age.
Early detection of adrenal cancer offers a potential for complete recovery. However, once the cancer metastasizes beyond the adrenal glands, the likelihood of a cure diminishes, though treatments may slow its progression or recurrence.
Typically, adrenal gland growths are benign. Noncancerous tumors like adenomas or pheochromocytomas may also arise in these glands.
Symptoms The presence of adrenal cancer might be indicated by:
- Unintended weight gain
- Diminished muscle strength
- Striae (stretch marks) of pink or purple hue
- Hormonal imbalances in females, potentially leading to hirsutism, alopecia, and menstrual irregularities
- Hormonal imbalances in males, possibly resulting in gynecomastia and reduced testicular size
- Feelings of nausea
- Episodes of vomiting
- Swelling in the abdominal region
- Persistent back discomfort
- Elevated body temperature
- Decreased appetite
- Unexplained weight loss
Causes The exact etiology of adrenal cancer remains elusive.
The disease arises from genetic mutations within the DNA of adrenal gland cells, which instruct cells on their functions. These mutations can cause cells to proliferate abnormally and evade apoptosis, leading to tumor formation. These malignant cells have the potential to detach and metastasize.
Risk Factors Certain hereditary conditions are associated with a higher incidence of adrenal cancer, including:
- Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
- Carney complex
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome
- Lynch syndrome
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1)
